Supply chain integrity ensures that voting systems are sourced, assembled, and delivered free from foreign‑linked compromise, with transparent ownership, manufacturing, and software provenance. While HAVA and VVSG do not explicitly mandate supply‑chain audits, certification requires vendors to disclose key dependencies and risks, and post‑2020 federal guidance (e.g., CISA advisories) emphasizes scrutiny of foreign ownership or manufacturing; hidden beneficial ownership or indicted executives (e.g., Smartmatic) create unacceptable risks for critical infrastructure.

This subsection reviews evidence of foreign‑linked ownership (e.g., Venezuelan officials in Smartmatic), outsourced manufacturing, and unverified software origins, which undermine the premise that deployed systems were domestically secure and independently verifiable.