Misinformation and disinformation policies—adopted by agencies like CISA and DHS, implemented via academic consortia such as the Election Integrity Partnership, and mirrored by major social‑media platforms—became a primary tool for managing election‑related speech in 2020. Initially justified as a way to counter foreign disinformation, these policies evolved to encompass domestic content about election procedures, vulnerabilities, and litigation, often focusing on entire “narratives” rather than demonstrably false factual claims.